I'll step up to the plate and state that wisdom and intelligence ARE equivalent, at least insofar as they represent the same underlying thing. If you eliminate the fluffy garbage associated with both definitions in their pedestrian sense, you end up with two words that really describe two different distributions and types of domain intelligence. It is just two different characteristic manifestations of the same underlying machinery. It is sort of like the old "book smart"/"street smart" dichotomy. Intelligence still manifests itself quite clearly even in the absence of formal education in some field, but it tends to look qualitatively different. BTW, having personally known a number of "Native American Indian Chiefs" in real life, I must say that their wisdom is mostly a mythological construct; the egregious lack of wisdom and judgment exhibited by most "Native Americans" should make this patently obvious. What is interpreted as "wisdom" is really just the New Age artsy sound of their languages when interpreted literally rather than semantically. -James Rogers jamesr@best.com